Saturday, December 28, 2019

Charlotte Brontë, 19th Century Novelist

Best-known as the author of Jane Eyre, Charlotte Brontà « was a 19th century writer, poet, and novelist. She was also one of the three Brontà « sisters, along with Emily and Anne, famous for their literary talents.   Fast Facts: Charlotte Bronte Full Name: Charlotte Brontà «Pen Names: Lord Charles Albert Florian Wellesley, Currer BellOccupation: AuthorBorn: April 21, 1816 in Thornton, EnglandDied: March 31, 1855 in Haworth, EnglandSpouse: Arthur Bell Nicholls (m. 1854)Key Accomplishments: Brontà «, along with her two sisters, broke into the male-dominated writing world. Her masterpiece, Jane Eyre, remains immensely popular and critically acclaimed today. Early Life  and Education Brontà « was the third of six siblings born in six years to the Rev. Patrick Brontà « and his wife, Maria Branwell Brontà «. She was born at the parsonage in Thornton, Yorkshire, where her father was serving. All six children were born before the family moved in April 1820 to  the 5-room parsonage at Haworth on the moors of Yorkshire that they would call home for most of their lives. Her father had been appointed as perpetual curate there, meaning that he and his family could live in the parsonage as long as he continued his work there. The father encouraged the children to spend time in nature on the moors. Maria died the year after the youngest, Anne, was born, possibly of uterine cancer or of chronic pelvic sepsis. Maria’s older sister, Elizabeth Branwell, moved from Cornwall to help care for the children and for the parsonage. She had an income of her own. The dining room of the Bronte Parsonage Museum at Haworth Parsonage.   Christopher Furlong/Getty Images In September of 1824, the four older sisters, including Charlotte, were sent to the Clergy Daughters’ School at Cowan Bridge, a school for the daughters of impoverished clergy. The daughter of writer Hannah Moore was also in attendance. The harsh conditions of the school were later reflected in Charlotte Brontà «s novel,  Jane Eyre. A typhoid fever outbreak at the school led to several deaths, and Brontà «s sisters Maria and Elizabeth both died soon after the outbreak. Maria, the eldest daughter, had served as a mother figure for her younger siblings; Charlotte decided she needed to fulfill a similar role as the eldest surviving daughter. Creating Imaginary Lands When her brother Patrick was given some wooden soldiers as a gift in 1826, the siblings began to make up stories about the world that the soldiers lived in. They wrote the stories in tiny script, in books small enough for the soldiers, and also provided newspapers and poetry for the world they apparently first called Glasstown.  Brontà «s first known story was written in March of 1829; she and Branwell wrote most of the initial stories. Illustration of the four Bronte siblings, who supported each others imaginations.   Culture Club/Getty Images In January of 1831, she was sent to school at Roe Head, about fifteen miles from home. There she made friends of Ellen Nussey and Mary Taylor, who were to be part of her life later as well.  Brontà « excelled in school, including at French. In eighteen months, she returned home, and resumed the Glasstown saga. Meanwhile, her younger sisters, Emily  and Anne, had created their own land, Gondal, and Branwell had created a rebellion. Brontà « negotiated a truce and cooperation among the siblings. She began the Angrian stories. Brontà « also created paintings and drawings – 180 of them survive.  Her younger brother, got familial support for developing his painting skills towards a possible career, but such support was not available to the sisters. Teaching Career In July of 1835, Brontà « had an opportunity to become a teacher at Roe Head school. They offered her a tuition-free admission for one sister as payment for her services. She took Emily along, but Emily soon became ill, an illness attributed to homesickness.  Emily returned to Haworth and the youngest sister, Anne, took her place. The school moved in 1838, and Brontà « left that position in December, returning home and later calling herself â€Å"shattered.† She had continued to return to the imaginary world of Angria on holidays from school, and continued writing in that world after she moved back to the family home. In May of 1839, Brontà « briefly became a governess. She hated the role, especially the sense she had of having â€Å"no existence† as a family servant, and left in mid-June. A new curate, William Weightman, arrived in August of 1839 to assist the Rev. Brontà «. A new and young clergyman, he seems to have attracted flirting from both Charlotte and Anne Brontà «, and perhaps more attraction from Anne. Brontà « received two different proposals in 1839:  one from Henry Nussey the brother of her friend, Ellen, with whom she’d continued to correspond; the other was from an Irish minister. She turned them both down. Portrait of Charlotte Bronte, circa 1841.   Hulton Archive/Getty Images In February of 1842, Charlotte and Emily went to London and then Brussels.  They attended a school in Brussels for six months, then were both asked to stay on, serving as teachers to pay for their tuition. Charlotte taught English and Emily taught music. In September, they learned that the young Rev. Weightman had died. Elizabeth Branwell died that October, and  the four Brontà « siblings received shares of their aunt’s estate. Emily worked as a housekeeper for her father, serving in the role their aunt had taken.  Anne returned to a governess position, and Branwell followed Anne to serve with the same family as a tutor.   Brontà « returned to Brussels to teach. She felt isolated there, and perhaps fell in love with the master of the school, though her affections and interest were not returned.  She returned home at the end of a year, though she continued to write letters to the schoolmaster from England, and returned home, along with Anne. Their father needed more help in his work, as his vision was failing.  Branwell had also returned, in disgrace, and declined in health as he increasingly turned to alcohol and opium. Writing for Publication In 1845, Brontà « found Emily’s poetry notebooks, and the three sisters discovered each others’ poems. They selected poems from their collections for publication, choosing to do so under male pseudonyms. The false names would share their initials: Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. They assumed that male writers would find easier publication. The poems were published as Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell in May of 1846 with the help of the inheritance from their aunt.  They did not tell their father or brother of their project.  The book only initially sold two copies, but got positive reviews, which encouraged them. The sisters began preparing novels for publication. Charlotte wrote The Professor, perhaps imagining a better relationship with her friend, the Brussels schoolmaster.  Emily wrote  Wuthering Heights, adapted from the Gondal stories, and  Anne wrote Agnes Grey, rooted in her experiences as a governess. The next year, July 1847, the stories by Emily and Anne, but not Charlotte’s, were accepted for publication, still under the Bell pseudonyms.  They were not actually published immediately, however. Charlotte Brontà « wrote Jane Eyre and offered that to the publisher, ostensibly an autobiography edited by Currer Bell.  The book became a quick hit.  Some surmised from the writing that Currer Bell was a woman, and there was much speculation about who the author might be.  Some critics condemned the relationship between Jane and Rochester as â€Å"improper.† The first page of the Jane Eyre manuscript in Brontes own writing.   Hulton Archive/Getty Images The book, with some revisions, entered a second edition in January 1848, and a third in April of that same year. After Jane Eyre had proven a success, Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey also were published.  A publisher began advertising the three as a package, suggesting that the three â€Å"brothers† were really a single author.  By that time Anne had also written and published The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. Charlotte and Emily went to London to claim authorship by the sisters, and their identities were made public. Family Tragedy and Later Life Brontà « had begun a new novel, when her brother Branwell, died in April of 1848, probably of tuberculosis. Emily caught what seemed to be a cold at his funeral, and became ill. She declined quickly, refusing medical care until relenting in her last hours.  She died in December.  Then Anne began to show symptoms, though she, after Emily’s experience, did seek medical help.  Brontà « and her friend Ellen Nussey took Anne to Scarborough for a better environment, but Anne died there in May of 1849, less than a month after arriving.   Brontà «, now the last of the siblings to survive, and still living with her father, completed her new novel, Shirley: A Tale, in August, and it was published in October 1849.  In November, she went to London, where she met such figures as William Makepeace Thackeray, Harriet Martineau, and Elizabeth Glaskell. She began corresponding with many of her new acquaintances and friends and refused another offer of marriage. She republished Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey in December 1850, with a biographical note clarifying who her sisters, the authors, really were. The characterization of her sisters as the impractical but caring Emily and the self-denying, reclusive, not so original Anne, tended to persist once those impressions became public.  Brontà « heavily edited her sisters’ work, even while claiming to be advocating truthfulness about them.  She suppressed the publication of Anne’s Tenant of Wildfell Hall, with its portrayal of alcoholism and a woman’s independence. Engraving of Charlotte Bronte, mid 19th century. Stock Montage/Getty Images   Brontà « wrote Villette, publishing it in January of 1853, and split with Harriet Martineau over it, as Martineau disapproved of it. Arthur Bell Nicholls, the Rev. Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s curate, surprised her with a proposal of marriage.  Charlotte’s father disapproved of the proposal, and Nicholls left his post.  She turned down his proposal initially, then began secretly corresponding with him until they became engaged and he returned to Haworth.  They were married on June 29, 1854, and honeymooned in Ireland. Charlotte continued her writing, beginning a new novel, Emma. She also took care of her father at Haworth. She became pregnant the year after her marriage, then found herself extremely ill. She died on March 31, 1855. Her condition was at the time diagnosed as tuberculosis, but some have, much later, speculated that the description of symptom more likely fits the condition hyperemesis gravidarum, essentially an extreme morning sickness with dangerously excessive vomiting. Legacy In 1857, Elizabeth Gaskell published The Life of Charlotte Brontà «, establishing the reputation of Charlotte Brontà « as having suffered from a tragic life.  In 1860, Thackeray published the unfinished Emma.  Ã‚  Her husband helped revise The Professor for publication with the encouragement of Gaskell. Two stories, The Secret and Lily Hart, were not published until 1978. By the end of the 19th century, Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s work was largely out of fashion. Interest revived in the late 20th century.  Jane Eyre has been her most popular work, and has been adapted for stage, film and television and even for ballet and opera. Today, she is one of the most-read authors in the English language. Sources Fraser, Rebecca.  Charlotte Brontà «: A Writers Life  (2nd ed.). New York: Pegasus Books LLC, 2008.Miller, Lucasta.  The Brontà « Myth. London: Vintage, 2002.Paddock, Lisa; Rollyson, Carl.  The Brontà «s A to Z. New York: Facts on File, 2003.

Friday, December 20, 2019

The Issue Of Breast Cancer - 1233 Words

Frame: Issue To hear the word cancer come out of a providers mouth can be one of the scariest times of anyone life. So many questions pop into ones head, what do I have or how did I get it, and what do I do know. Breast and cervical cancer are two of the most common cancers diagnosed in women worldwide (Siegel, Miller, Jemal, 2015). Breast cancer starts to develop when cells in the breast start to grow out of control and form tumors (American Cancer Society , 2015). The population that breast cancer effects is women, even though men can develop breast cancer too it is not nearly as common as women (American Cancer Society , 2015). In fact breast cancer is so common in women that 1 in 8 women in the United states will have developed breast cancer at some point in their lives (American Cancer Society , 2015). Women who are between the ages of 20-59 years old are often the population who die from breast cancer, 1 in 36 women in this age group will have died from breast cancer (Siegel, et al., 2015). Statistics show that white women have the highest incidence rates of breast cancer out of any of the other races and ethnicities (Siegel, et al., 2015). However, African American women have higher death rates from breast cancer than any other race (American Cancer Society , 2015). This difference in races can contribute to many fact that African American women usually do not have the health insurance or the right health education to inform them about the risks of breast cancer,Show MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Breast Cancer830 Words   |  4 PagesBackground: The issue of breast cancer affecting many individuals is a growing one. At the present time period it is now found that one in every eight women will be told they have breast cancer (â€Å"National Breast Cancer Foundation†, 2012). 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Breast cancer tops the chart among Singaporean women (Health Promotion Board, 2007). Thousands of women are diagnosed with breast cancer annually and it causes approximatelyRead MoreThe Survival Rates Of Breast Cancer1373 Words   |  6 Pages Breast Cancer is the most common misfortune in women and second leading cause of death by cancer. Today, woman with breast cancer have a 90% chance of surviving for five years post-diagnosis. However, African American women have a national survival rate of 79%. Socioeconomic barriers and lack of access to health services have crippled African American women in breast cancer advancements. Studies have show that African American women tend to be diagnosed with a higher-stage of cancer because of

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Purchasing And Material Management Of Business - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about thePurchasing and material management ofa business. Answer: Introduction The report focuses on the concept of early supplier involvement in the business world. Early Supplier Involvement is used to define the collaboration between supply chain partners and manufacturers at the initial stage of product development (Brindley, 2017). The reason for choosing this topic is to understand the benefits that a business may encounter if the suppliers are involvement from the initial stage before the development of a product. The study can help in understanding the theories involved in the supply chain and the results that are normally derived by a manufacturer. The report can help in comparing the difference between involvements of suppliers at an early stage with that of the involvement at a later stage. The report focuses on reviews by scholars and identifies models involved in understanding the topic. The methods used for gathering data has highlighted that help in deriving the result. The discussion related to findings and the implications are mentioned in the report. Concept of Early Supplier Involvement In the modern day, every business organisation wants to gain a competitive advantage in the market. This needs to be done by formulating strategies that are required for conducting the business in a proper manner. According to Menguc, Auh Yannopoulos, (2014), Early Supplier Involvement (ESI) is one such strategy that is adopted by managers in order to promote a product before its release. This promotion is done by involving the stakeholders that have considerable interest in the company. The stakeholders involve the customers, suppliers and the manufacturers. The early involvement of the stakeholders provides various advantages to the business. One such advantage is the better quality of products. Preview about the process used for product development is provided at an early stage to the stakeholders. This provides an opportunity to entertain ideas about the ways by which a product can be improved. The quality of a product can be improved depending upon the needs and wants of the customers. Keeping this in mind, the cost of the product can also be reduced. In the opinion of Yurtkulu, Hilletofth Johansson, (2014), the involvement of manufacturers reduce the cost of manufacturing the product. Subsequently, the final price of the product is also reduced. The product life cycle is also reduced which can help in the rapid development of the product. However, there are certain challenges as well. The basic challenge that every manager faces is the implementation of the system. Most of the employees believe that involvement of manufacturers and customers can result in the failure of the product (Sarang et al., (2016). This is mainly because of the loss of the surprise element that at times can attract the customers. Importance of Early Supplier Involvement In order to develop a product in a manner the customers can use, certain specifications are required to be maintained. These specifications can at times be complicated for the engineers designing the product. Hence, the involvement of suppliers can reduce the burden of calculating the specifications and gathering resources one at a time. According to Roh, Hong Min, (2014), the involvement of suppliers in ESI is an important factor for the company. Apart from this, the change in process is another factor that is important for the implementation of ESI. In earlier times, the suppliers were not involved in product development. Hence, the process used for manufacturing a product was lengthy. The involvement of suppliers after the designing of the product proved to have a negative factor as in most times there remained discrepancies in the product. However, with the involvement in the initial stage, such discrepancies can be avoided (Zhao, Cavusgil Cavusgil, 2014). Based on the quality of the products that are being manufactured the inventory can also be controlled. This provides an opportunity to manage the inventory and make a place for involving new products (Luzzini et al., 2015). Thus, the importance of ESI can be attributed to reducing the number of flaws that an engineer may commit while designing a product. Early Supplier Involvement in new product development According to Yeniyurt, Henke Yalcinkaya (2014), long-term relationship with the customers is required in order to maintain the supply chain of a company. Cooperation between the suppliers and the customers can help in the sales of the products and provide the company with an added advantage. Hence, while developing a new product, it is necessary that the opinions of the customers be taken into consideration. This can be done by providing the customers with feedback forms that can help in understanding the tastes and preferences of the customers. The ways by which the customers remain involved in the business is indicative of the level of expectations that exist in the business. Pystynen (2016) stated that the dependence structure followed by the customers have a considerable influence in the supply chain. Apart from this, the involvement of suppliers can also lead to the increase in profit. This can be done by proving proper knowledge about the ways by which the products can be manufactured. The manufacturing cost is reduced which makes it possible for setting up a reasonable price for the customers. Thus, it can be said that in order to develop and launch a new product, the involvement of the suppliers is important (Monczka et al., 2015). The new product development method involves five steps that help in the involvement of the suppliers. Figure 1: Process of developing new product (Source: Yue Jing, 2015) Early Supplier Involvement and Resource Dependency Theory In the modern world, Resource Dependency Theory (RDT) has become influential in understanding organisational and strategic management theories. Rossignoli Ricciardi, (2015) is of the opinion that the need for support from external sources is required by every organisation. In the course of this assistance, the organisations become dependent upon the external resources. RDT helps in removing such dependencies by analysing the potential issues that may arise in the organisation. RDT helps in creating an innovative atmosphere that helps enterprises to continue the current task. According to Jones et al., (2016), the use of this theory can help in gaining a competitive advantage for an organisation. Therefore, the link between ESI and RDT can be well established from the fact that the introduction of an innovative model can help any organisation to satisfy customers. This theory can particularly be used in the case of developing new products. In this regard, it can be said that the profitability of the enterprises depend on the techniques used for innovation and the dependence it has on the external factors (Craib, 2015). Hence, an organisation needs to maintain a future course of action in order to ensure that the profitability is maintained. The building of social relationships can also help in the development of resources. This is because, with the involvement of people from various sectors, the designing of products can be made in an effective manner. Hence, this theory can help in the effective involvement of suppliers and contribute to improving the quality of the product. Early Supplier Involvement and Social Exchange Theory According to Christopher, (2016), Social Exchange Theory (SET) is important to understand the decision-making issues that a purchaser normally faces. In order to make an assessment regarding the product that needs to be purchased, decision-making is important considering various elements. The elements include planning of the demand, analysing the strategy, analyse the strategy adopted by the supplier and the awards or rewards that may be obtained. It has been observed that SET is applicable while trying to analyse the strategies adopted by the suppliers. This can be done by establishing a long-term relationship with the suppliers, gaining the trust and remaining committed to a certain level of purchase. In the light of this statement, it can be said that the application of SET is an important in order to improve the buyer and supplier relationship (Stadtler, 2015). This helps in increasing the performance of the organisation. The involvement of suppliers at the initial stage is usefu l for maintaining the relationship with the suppliers. This is because SET helps in analysing the potential benefits and pitfalls before making a decision. This is an important part of an organisation as the decisions involved may lead to the proper execution of the product and services. Apart from this, Wisner, Tan Leong, (2014) stated that social exchange also involves the analysis of the outcome by calculating the rewards from the cost involved. This is indicative of the fact that people willing to make social exchanges weigh the difference between the cost factor and the reward factor. Hypothesis and gaps After analysing the theories and the models that involved in the involvement of suppliers in the early stages of production, a possible hypothesis can be gathered. The theories provided are indicative of the fact that in the modern business world, the implication of ESI can help an organisation to develop in an effective manner (He et al., 2014). The benefits that are involved in the application of the technique signify that the use of the technique can help identifying flaws in the organisational context. However, Jean, Sinkovics Hiebaum, (2014) stated that the relation between the suppliers and designers need to be involved more in the organisational context. Another important thing that the theories failed to deliver was the fact that the use of ESI in the modern day is in contrast with that involved in earlier times. The relation to change in a manufacturing process is a huge bonus for organisations that involve in profit-making objectives and customer satisfaction (Pulles, Veld man Schiele, 2014). Thus, the application of such information can help in understanding the ways by which ESI is applicable in the modern world. Apart from this, the theories can be used in order to come to a relevant conclusion and findings that help in the implication of ESI in the business. Research method In order to conduct the research in a successful manner, the researcher has adopted certain methods to collect data. The secondary method of collecting data has been chosen in order to understand the concept of ESI and its importance in business. The secondary data can help in understanding the concept in a broad manner and suggest ways to make improvements. Based on these findings can also be derived that are essential for the research. The researcher used information from books, journals and websites in order to gain the necessary details concerning the topic. Analysis on the theoretical aspect is done in order to develop the idea of the concept in a broader manner. The resources used for collecting data are the reviews and opinions of renowned scholars. The reason for choosing this source is to understand the opinions of the scholars and help in the development of a proper knowledge about the topic. Findings From the analysis of the literature review, it can be said that the use of ESI in the modern business has influenced a lot of change in the business world. Reports claim that most significant changes have been seen in organisations that specialise in manufacturing cars and other technologies. Such a detail is evidenced by the fact that the involvement of suppliers has helped in reducing callbacks of the cars considerably in the past year. It has been seen that about 15% of the automobile industries have applied the process and have managed to reduce the callbacks. However, some automobile industries have failed to use the system in an effective manner. The literature review also provides an understanding of the models that are required to maintain proper manufacturing of a product. These models are used along with the ESI in order to understand the ways by which an organisation can be impacted. The conservation of resources has made about 2% production houses to engage in sustainabil ity of the environment. The completion of the literature review also helped to identify the potential areas that need improvement. The supplier and designer relation need to be analysed in order to understand the level of collaboration among the employees. Evidence shows there has been a rise by 4% of the sale of goods from small enterprises due to the use of ESI method. It has also been seen that the managing of resources needs to be done in order to avoid any potential dependent on the external environment. The following part provides the discussions of the findings. Discussion of findings From the findings, it can be said that the use of ESI in business can help in the development of competitive advantage in the market. The involvement of the suppliers can bring about expertise for the management and designing of the products. This can help in reducing any discrepancies in the work place. The application of RDT and SET is useful in engaging the suppliers. This is because with the application of proper resources in the business, it can be easy for organisations to maintain track of the level of expertise required. It can also help in maintaining sustainability in the business as evidence from the findings. The literature review also suggests that the use of SET can help in determining the advantages of a particular business. In this regard, the decisions taken by the managers can be influenced by the application of SET during the involvement of suppliers. The advantages of such an involvement can help in reducing many mistakes that can occur. The advice from experience d people can bring about knowledge for the designers. RDT can reduce the dependency of the external resources. Thus, the implications of these findings can help an organisation in every way. However, in certain areas, the application of this cannot be implemented properly. Implication of findings The findings suggest that the use of ESI has not been implemented in emerging markets of the world. The implication of ESI in business markets in Brazil, India, Russia, China and South Africa need to be made in order to improve the level of productivity. In the recent areas, these countries have emerged as serious marketing countries in terms of manufacturing of goods and products. However, with backward technology and an unstable economic environment, the countries have been unable to improve the techniques used for product marketing. Apart from this, the lack of ESI in the service industry also needs to be improved. In retail industries, the use of the manufacturing tools needs to make with the application of ESI and its supporting factors. Service industries, like retail stores that manufacture goods, need to implement this in order to maintain the quality of the products and satisfy customers. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that involvement of suppliers before the finalisation of products can help an organisation avoid major flaws. The way by which an experienced supplier can guide the designing team can be useful for the employees. In this regard, the application of different theories can also help in developing the concept. However, while conducting the research there have been certain limitations in terms of a gathering of data. This is mainly because of the fact that the research is based on secondary data and recent implications in business in the last 25 years were difficult to find. In the modern world, the implication of this strategy in the service sectors has been limited. The future scope of the research is the study of ESI in the service industry. The impact creates in the emerging market can also be a course of study for the future. Reference Brindley, C. (Ed.). (2017).Supply chain risk. Taylor Francis. Christopher, M. (2016).Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Craib, I. (2015).Modern social theory. Routledge. He, Y., Lai, K. K., Sun, H., Chen, Y. (2014). The impact of supplier integration on customer integration and new product performance: the mediating role of manufacturing flexibility under trust theory.International Journal of Production Economics,147, 260-270. Jean, R. J., Sinkovics, R. R., Hiebaum, T. P. (2014). The effects of supplier involvement and knowledge protection on product innovation in customersupplier relationships: a study of global automotive suppliers.Journal of Product Innovation Management,31(1), 98-113. Jones, T. M., Donaldson, T., Freeman, R. E., Harrison, J. S., Leana, C. R., Mahoney, J. T., Pearce, J. L. (2016). Management theory and social welfare: Contributions and challenges. Luzzini, D., Amann, M., Caniato, F., Essig, M., Ronchi, S. (2015). The path of innovation: purchasing and supplier involvement into new product development.Industrial Marketing Management,47, 109-120. Menguc, B., Auh, S., Yannopoulos, P. (2014). Customer and supplier involvement in design: The moderating role of incremental and radical innovation capability.Journal of Product Innovation Management,31(2), 313-328. Monczka, R. M., Handfield, R. B., Giunipero, L. C., Patterson, J. L. (2015).Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Pulles, N. J., Veldman, J., Schiele, H. (2014). Identifying innovative suppliers in business networks: An empirical study.Industrial Marketing Management,43(3), 409-418. Pystynen, H. (2016). Purchasers role in the early supplier involvement: a case study of an automotive tier 1 company. Roh, J., Hong, P. Min, H., (2014). Implementation of a responsive supply chain strategy in global complexity: The case of manufacturing firms.International Journal of Production Economics,147, 198-210. Rossignoli, C., Ricciardi, F. (2015). Theories Explaining Inter-Organizational Relationships in Terms of Coordination and Control Needs. InInter-Organizational Relationships(pp. 7-36). Springer International Publishing. Sarang, J. P., Bhasin, H. V., Verma, R., Kharat, M. G. (2016). Critical Success Factors for Supplier Development and Buyer Supplier Relationship: Exploratory Factor Analysis.International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences (IJSDS),7(1), 18-38. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Wisner, J. D., Tan, K. C., Leong, G. K. (2014).Principles of supply chain management: A balanced approach. Cengage Learning. Yeniyurt, S., Henke, J. W., Yalcinkaya, G. (2014). A longitudinal analysis of supplier involvement in buyers new product development: working relations, inter-dependence, co-innovation, and performance outcomes.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,42(3), 291-308. Yue, L. I. U., Jing, S. U. N. (2015). The Impact of IFFE on NPD Performance: The Moderating Effect of Customer Involvement and Supplier Involvement.Management Science and Engineering,9(4), 7-14. Yurtkulu, E. Z., Hilletofth, P., Johansson, G. (2014). Foundation of the integration of supply chain decisions in new product development. InEurOMA. Zhao, Y., Cavusgil, E., Cavusgil, S. T. (2014). An investigation of the black-box supplier integration in new product development.Journal of Business Research,67(6), 1058-1064.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Freedom Of Expression And Democracy †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Freedom Of Expression And Democracy. Answer: Introduction According to Article 19, the Freedom of speech is the principle which includes the freedom set for an individual or the community. This is mainly to articulate the opinions with better ideas which are set without any fear related to the realization, censorship, and the sanctions. The freedom of expression states that everyone shall have the right to hold the opinions without any interference, with freedom to seek, receive and then impart information of all kinds (Hughes, 2015). This is regardless of the frontiers which are set orally or in the printing form. The special duties and the responsibilities are subjected to certain restrictions which are important for the rights or reputation of the other people. The fundamental right is restricted mainly in the form of tactics that include the censorship and the other restrictive press legislation with harassment of journalists, who voice their opinions. Thesis statement The freedom of expression is the purpose for which the power can rightly be exercised over the members of the community to prevent harm to the people. Discussion According to the efforts included to create the legal mechanism banning language with defamatory of religions to UN Council in Geneva, there is a need to educate the member states on the key freedom of expression (Stewart, 2017). The Article 19 tends to monitor the threats which are set to free expression with adopting the laws that conform to the international standards of freedom of expression. The article clearly depicts about the individuals or the groups who have been violated and they tend to provide the capacity building support for the non-governmental organizations as well (Tuinman Ten Hoorn, 2017). The idea for the offense principle is to justify the speech limitations which are set in the form of expressions that are offensive to the society. The consideration is about the changing time and applications wherein free communication of ideas and opinions is important for maintaining the rights of man. Evaluation Analysis This is to understand the fundamentals in a democracy where the norms are set for limiting the expression which might not be completely suppressed mainly in emergency times. Hence, the notable fact is about the self-government by the people. For such a system, it is important to work with an informed electorate. There shall be no constraints on the information flow and the respective ideas (Stone, 2017). The citizens include the right to seek information, receive and impart information and ideas. The expression is then closely related to the other rights which can be limited with conflicting to the other rights. The right to freedom of expression is the right to the fair trial and the proceeding of the court which limits the access for proper information search. One needs to determine the right to privacy and reputation of others. This is important for media which plays an important role and as a bearer for the general rights to freedom of expression. The conditions are outlined with constrained freedom of speech where media encompasses and suppressed information in freedom of speech. The degree is defined to work on different approaches to issues like the hate speech, obscenity and the definition of the laws which could be seen in the democracies which are liberal. Everyone has the right to give their opinion and express themselves according to Article 19. Conclusion The democracy will not be true if deal is in power to manipulate the electorate, by withholding information and stifling the criticism (Jelen et al., 2017). With the freedom of expression campaign, the individuals need to employ advocacy with financial support and the technical assistance to support efforts done by the local free expressions. It includes the advocacy to oppose or overturn the laws of media that tend to restrict the journalists. References Hughes, P., 2015. Freedom of speech.Pointers: Bulletin of the Christian Research Association,25(1), p.8. Jelen, T.G., Lewis, A.R. and Djupe, P.A., 2017. Freedom of Religion and Freedom of Speech: The Effects of Alternative Rights Frames on Mass Support for Public Exemptions.Journal of Church and State, p.csw101. Stewart, D. R. (2017). Free Speech Unfree News: The Paradox of Press Freedom in America.Journalism History,43(1), 56. Stone, A. (2017). Viewpoint Discrimination, Hate Speech Laws, and the Double-Sided Nature of Freedom of Speech.Const. Comment.,32, 687. Tuinman, P.R. and Ten Hoorn, S., 2017. Freedom of speech for all critically ill patients: work in progress.Critical Care,21(1), p.27.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Inconsiderate Drivers free essay sample

Inconsiderate Drivers Inconsiderate Drivers are a hazard to everyone, they are a nuisance to the public and they should be subpoenaed. Drivers who constantly break laws with no regard of others safety and well-being should be removed from the road for the good of all. Several Factors can put anyone in the category of an inconsiderate driver. These factors include car maintenance, road-rage, and distractions. Firstly, car repairs can be a costly expense when owning a motor vehicle. While the upkeep of a vehicle is the biggest responsibility when owning one, it is often the most over shadowed. Broken tail lights are one of most common failures of inconsiderate drivers. Tail lights are supposed to provide illumination for follow drivers on the road. Without such lighting and display it can be very hair to see a car in a pitch black environment. Thousands of auto accidents happen every year because of improper turn signals. We will write a custom essay sample on Inconsiderate Drivers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Improper turn signals have a big impact on other drivers on the road. It can be the small thing that results in the very high car repair bill. The simple oversight of not looking before making a smooth turn can be the result in a personal injury or a traumatic death. Headlights are an effective way of communication between cars. Many drivers flash headlights to let the other driver know that they have the right away. Without having this form of communication it impairs many drivers from operating a motor vehicle at night. Secondly, road rage is the top cause of auto accidents every year. Road rage incidents often occur on the highway or interstate, the accident can be extremely dangerous because they can easily escalate with the addition of more cars. Rude gestures are a common occurrence between drivers, heated personalities and attitudes can make this a dangerous act if not handled properly. Being courteous on the road can save many lives, a simple wave of the hand can give another driver the appropriate gesture and show empathy. Sex while driving is very popular among people in today’s time. While engaged in the act it is very difficult to operate a motor vehicle and be responsible for yourself, passengers and other drivers on the road. The raw emotion during sex can be overcoming a prevent something as simple as a turn. Lastly, driving is hazardous enough without all the distractions plaguing the way. You cannot afford to take your eyes of the road. Texting while driving is big in USA. City ordinances as well as state laws have been put into place to remove the inappropriate behavior by inconsiderate drivers. It has been growing cause of auto accident related deaths in the past few years. Distractions can come in many other forms including music being too loud in the summer time. When the car next to you is vibrating because of your music, it’s a sign it’s too loud. While police are in place to serve and protect, they often make improper signals and flash their lights when not needed. Some police officers flash their lights just to pass a red light. This act should be punishable. Police should be held accountable for their actions as well as everyday drivers. In conclusion, inconsiderate drivers are a hazard to themselves and everyone on the road with them. Car maintenance, road-rage, and distractions are just some of the actions committed by these individuals. Certain actions should be disciplined. Everyone makes mistakes but when they are consistently done without learning from them, something is wrong.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

What Happened To Commercial Farm Workers After The Famous Land Reform (Land Grab) Programme In Zimbabwe The WritePass Journal

What Happened To Commercial Farm Workers After The Famous Land Reform (Land Grab) Programme In Zimbabwe a. Statement of purpose What Happened To Commercial Farm Workers After The Famous Land Reform (Land Grab) Programme In Zimbabwe Introduction a. Statement of purpose Overview summary Background and context of the Study Significance of the Problem Research Questions Hypothesis Scope / Limitations Research Methodology Structure of the Project ConclusionsBibliographyRelated Introduction a. Statement of purpose The goal of this study is to explore the different ways through which the land redistribution programme in Zimbabwe affected commercial farm workers in the country. The study will examine the assumptions that farm workers were better off prior to the land redistribution programme in the country. The study is expected to analyse whether the land redistribution affected the farm workers negatively or not. It is important to note that the land redistribution programme had been expected decades prior to implementation. Considering the fact that the majority of farm land was owned and controlled by a few white farmers, redistribution was necessary in order to promote social justice (UNDP, 2002). The study will explore the various ways through which the land redistribution programme ought to have been carried out. Overview summary The first chapter of this study will present the problem to be addressed in a general introduction. Chapter two shall explore material that has been previously published on the subject by other authors. This literature review shall provide necessary background information that will enable readers to have a better understanding about what the study is all about. This will include the political history of land distribution in Zimbabwe and how farmland ended up in the hands of a white minority. Chapter three shall be the methodology, which will outline the methods through which this study shall be carried out. Chapter four shall report the findings of the study and then a conclusion shall be drawn in chapter five. Chapter five shall also include recommendations and the implications of the outcomes of the study. Background and context of the Study Historically, the land problem in Zimbabwe can be traced back to the colonial era when European colonialists and businessmen settled in Zimbabwe and began cultivating the fertile lands in the country (Chan, 2003). Long after Zimbabwe gained its independence from Britain, white farmers who had settled in the country remained there and continued cultivating the fertile soil in the country (Mutangi, 2010). Zimbabwe’s political elite in the ZANU PF party began addressing the issue. This sensitive issue attracted widespread local and international interest. When the land redistribution programme began, many black Zimbabweans welcomed it with a sigh of relief. Commercial farm workers were unaware of the fact that the land redistribution programme might cost them their jobs. The land redistribution programme resulted in massive unemployment of commercial farm workers. After the land redistribution programme was officially closed, many farm workers lost their jobs (FCTZ, 2002). Some of the new owners who took over the farms lacked adequate finances or/and expertise to manage a commercial farm. About eighty-five percent (85%) of the farms that were surveyed in a study conducted by the Farm Community Trust of Zimbabwe (FCTZ) found out that there had been a drastic drop in productivity (FCTZ, 2002b). In a particular region of the country named Mashonaland West, FCTZ found that out of thirty farms sampled in the study, up to ninety percent (90%) of the farms had been taken over by the government (FCTZ, 2002). More than sixty percent (60%) of the 30 farms that were analysed had completely shut down (FCTZ, 2002). This implies that productivity at these farms had dropped to zero, and all the farm workers had lost their jobs. Although many commercial farm workers lost their jobs as a result of the redistribution programme, a historical background clearly outlines the context of this study and reveals that land distribution in Zimbabwe was unfair (Buckle, 2001). The land redistribution programme was designed to render justice to the black population that had been cheated for years. Meanwhile the land redistribution failure has been widely criticised, many politicians believe that the problem could have been tackled differently. The land reforms programme had disastrous consequences on the general Zimbabwean economy, which is dependent on agriculture as one of its major sources of foreign revenue and employment. By the time the land redistribution programme was officially completed in 2002, more than fifty percent (50%) of commercial farm workers had lost their jobs as a result of the land reforms   (Mutangi, 2010). At the end of the land redistribution programme, many of the farms were unable to achieve the same output as they had done in the past. This resulted in shortage of food, inflation and a surge in unemployment figures of commercial farm workers (FCTZ, 2002b). This affected not just the agricultural sector, but the entire economy considering the fact that agriculture is a major sector in the country. Significance of the Problem Scoones et al (2010) believe that the land redistribution programme received widespread stereotypical coverage. Although the programme did not achieve resounding success, the western media also politicised the subject. It is important to note that just about 6.7% of the commercial farm workers were offered land in the programme. Although there are varying figures on the number of farm workers who lost their jobs, the Commercial Farmers Union (CFU) of Zimbabwe estimates that about 200,000 commercial farm workers lost their jobs (CFU, 2003). After the redistribution programme was complete in 2002, many commercial farm workers lost access to vital social services such as basic health care, housing and other minor privileges which they had enjoyed before (Chan, 2003). The new farm owners had a different perspective on the importance of welfare services to workers. Although workers were guaranteed accommodation by the new farm owners, the quality of accommodation varied from farm to farm (Kibble Vanlerberghe, 2000). Under the new farm owners, workers who were still in service suffered from housing insecurity. When some workers tried to resist eviction, this resulted in disputes and clashes between the new farm owners and the workers (Buckle, 2001). By mid 2002, up to 900,000 individuals, including women and children were victims of the evictions (Chitiyo, 2002). Many of these displaced farm workers travelled to urban centres to look for other means of survival. In the last quarter of the year 2002, up to ninety percent (90%) of commercial farm workers who had left their jobs moved to other areas of the country. Some of them were lucky enough to pick up unskilled jobs in the city (UNDP, 2002).   Some of them will go any lengths to cross over into South Africa, where they got a hostile reception from the local population there. This study is important because it looks at a phenomenon that affected close to a million people considering the number of farmers and their relatives that were displaced from their settlements. It is equally important because it looks at a subject that fuelled pol itical unrest and resulted in double digit inflation figures for Zimbabwe. After the land redistribution programme, Zimbabwe recorded a drastic cut in its GNP. Rationale for the Research Project This study will explore the weaknesses of the land redistribution programme in Zimbabwe. It will identify the weaknesses of the programme and then propose better ways through which things could have been done to avoid the negative impact the programme left on the lives of farmers. Although many studies have been carried out in different academic disciplines on the land redistribution programme in Zimbabwe, many of these studies have focused on the causes and impact of the programme. They mostly look at how the land redistribution programme affected farmers, farm workers, the economy, politics and society of Zimbabwe. Few studies have focused on alternative ways through which the land redistribution programme could have been implemented in order to avoid the chaos it brought into the life of the farmers and the economy at large. Research Questions In order to ensure that the study stays focused on its main objective, which includes the impact of the land redistribution programme on commercial farm workers, this study shall be guided by a set of research questions outlined below. At every phase of the study, the researcher will ensure that was ever is done is seeking to find answers to one or more of the following research questions:- i.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What has happened to farm workers that were removed from farms? ii.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What has become of their standard of living? iii.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How has this affected the education and upbringing of their children? iv.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How could the farming industry have benefitted from using the skills of the disposed farm workers? v.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Why did the land reform programme fail? Hypothesis At the end of this study, the hypothesis shall either be confirmed or refuted based on the data gathered from this study. The hypothesis for this study includes the following:- a.)Commercial farm workers suffered as a result of the fact that the land redistribution programme was poorly planned an implemented. b.) Alternative ways of handling the injustices brought about by the inequitable distribution of land between blacks and white farmers would have brought justice without hurting farmers, farm workers and the economy. c.)The land redistribution programme was more of a political than a social problem that was why it backfired. Scope / Limitations This is an area that has been widely researched as it is of interests to many scholars from different disciplines. The proposed project will take the form of a research study that will be done using secondary research. This implies that it will look at information already gathered to express and clarify the points. This makes the task relatively easier for this study. The study also spans from the colonial period, when the land distribution patterns in Zimbabwe began in modern times, to the pre redistribution period. It also covers the post land redistribution era during which farmers began feeling the impact of the land redistribution process. I chose secondary sources as it is relatively easy to obtain yet it will answer the questions I need to answer in the research project leaving me enough scope to be able to consult different sources of information and to expand where I feel the is a gap. I am aware that some of the disadvantages of using secondary research include the fact that the information may not be complete as it relates to the researcher’s specific interest and I intend to address this by putting on additional information to ensure that my research is complete. One of the limitations of this study includes the fact that the study is about a controversial issue that has been politicised. As such, some of the data that has been previously published on the subject is characterised by the political bias of many of these authors. For instance, many of the publications authored by white farmers’ movements such as CFU, stress the damage caused by the land redistribution programme on the economy. Meanwhile many black authors stress the fact that land redistribution was characterised by historical injustices. In this light, it is challenging to distinguish between facts and the authors’ personal biases. Research Methodology This is qualitative study that will rely on secondary sources such as text books, journals and online sources for data collection. This is a topic that has been covered by many other researchers, making it relatively easier for the research to collect data. The study shall make use of qualitative methods to analyse the data collected for this study. Structure of the Project This study shall be structured into five chapters. Each of the chapters will address a particular aspect of the study. It shall be structured as listed below:- Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 – Literature Review Chapter 3 – Methodology Chapter 3 – Results and Interpretations Chapter 5 – Conclusions Conclusions The study shall conclude by summarising the entire research project. The conclusion shall only be based on information gathered from the study. Based on these conclusions, recommendations shall be made. These recommendations shall outline the various ways through which the land redistribution ought to have been carried out. It shall also identify the mistakes made by the Mugabe regime.   Bibliography Buckle, C (2001) African Tears: Zimbabwe Land Invasions, Johannesburg: Covos Day CFU (2003) The Current Status of Commercial Agriculture in Zimbabwe, Harare Chan, S (2003) Robert Mugabe: A Life of Power and Violence, London: IB Taurus Chitiyo, K (2002) Harvest of Tongues: Zimbabwe’s ‘Third Chimurenga’ and the Making of an Agrarian Revolution, Mimeo FCTZ (2002) Concession Informal Settlement: Mazowe District, Mashonaland Central, Harare FCTZ (2002b) The Situation of Commercial Farm Workers after Land Reform in Zimbabwe 91 Kibble, S and P Vanlerberghe (2000) Land, Power and Poverty: Farm Workers and the Crisis in Zimbabwe, London: CIIR Mutangi G.T. (2010)   Livelihoods after Land Reform in Zimbabwe Working Paper 13 The Changing Patterns of Farm Labour after the Fast Track Land Reform Programme: The Case of Guruve District. Livelihoods After Land Reform Programme Sachikonye, L. M (2003) The Situation of Commercial Farm Workers after Land Reform in Zimbabwe A report prepared for the Farm Community Trust of Zimbabwe Scoones I., Marongwe N., Mavedzenge B., Mahenehene J., Murimbarimba F., Sukume C.(2010) Zimbabwe’s Land Reform – Myths and Realities. Weaver Press UNDP (2002) Zimbabwe Land Reform and Resettlement: Assessment and Suggested Framework for the Future, Interim Mission Report, Harare

Thursday, November 21, 2019

How to keep yourself motivated for college life Essay

How to keep yourself motivated for college life - Essay Example Time management involves taking control of the time spent while doing every activity in the college. Effective time management can be achieved by considering the following options. Firstly, students should prepare a to-do list to guide them on different day-to-day activities. By following the program on the list, students get motivated by the accomplishment done on each activity. Secondly, students can achieve effective time management by scheduling dedicated time for different activities. For example, students should create dedicated study time where they only carryout personal studies. Further, students should identify committed time such as times spend in commuting to the lecture rooms or times spend in class work. By identifying committed time, students can be able to program different activities that do not clash in terms of time of occurrence hence enabling the students to perform the different activities at ease. Lastly, students can save time by developing good study habits and using the spare time available to them. Good study habits include taking necessary notes while in class and attending to all the lectures as required. This way, students can carry out exam revision very effectively using a short time. Farther, students can effectively manage their time by carrying small portions of class work to study during spare time such as time available while waiting in lines. On the other hand, students can be motivated for their college life by being focused on their studies. Identifying the reasons and benefits of being in the college forms the basis of motivation that result good focus on college goals. However, for students to develop good focus on college studies, they should consider implementing the following activities. Firstly, students should think about why they want to graduate on a particular course. Before joining college education, most students are motivated to work

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

The Crusades Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Crusades - Essay Example The first text comprises of an eyewitness account of the sermon of Pope Urban II and the details of Crusade as given by various Christian eyewitness. Pope’s sermon has been embellished with lots of imagination and gory details of mass killings of Christians by Turks in the city of Jerusalem. Robert The Monk’s account of Pope’s sermon is interspersed with gruesome details of the killing in order to incite Christians to take part in the war and avenge the desecration of Church. Baldric of Dol says that Pope had exhorted the Christian by telling them that ‘you may deem it a beautiful thing to die for Christ in that city in which he died for us’ (Allen and Amt, p44). Most importantly it tells that the crusaders not only fought for religious purpose but many had vested interests. Bohemond, a great warrior, had to be bribed by the Emperor with ‘land in extent from Antioch fifteen days’ journey and eight in width’ (Allen and Amt, p62). T he text shows that the crusades against Turks had defied human dignity with extreme brutality and violence. Indeed, Letter of Stephen of Bloise to his wife covers the religious fervor of the crusades and also describes the bloodshed and indiscriminate killing in the name of holy war. An Arab Syrian Gentleman and Warrior: Memoirs of Usamah gives insight into the Arab culture and shows a humane perspective of people who were viewed as barbarians during the period of crusades. He gives personal accounts of his experience of Christians with whom he had maintained good relationships. In a personal account, Usamah describes how Frankish physician had saved the life of the son of an Arab artisan, whose neck was afflicted with scrofula, a dreaded disease. The text gives a more civilized picture of Moslems in Jerusalem and shows that Moslems and Christians had co-existed peacefully as contrarily described in the earlier text.  

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 56

Journal - Assignment Example It is pointed out that the first Muslim college that was accredited might be biased with regard to Israel and the Jews. In this case the quality of education that it offers should be analyzed carefully. 3. The video articulates a peculiar statistics: more and more people claim that they do not belong to any religion. It is suggested that people decided to create their own interpretation of the world and live according to it. What is more important is that the contemporary society often sees religion as a certain attribute, but not a deep spiritual commitment. 4. This video points out that many people mix prejudice and patriotism. Thus, many know that America is currently engaged in armed conflicts with Islamic countries, but discriminating against Muslims in the United State should not be seen as a solution towards the problem. Moreover, the experiment showed that the majority of the people are indifferent towards discrimination and will not do anything about

Friday, November 15, 2019

The Character Of Henry Perowne In Saturday English Literature Essay

The Character Of Henry Perowne In Saturday English Literature Essay Ian McEwans Saturday is a novel that introduces the present-day world to readers through the perspective of its protagonist, Henry Perowne. Throughout this novel, readers are exposed to an impressive evaluation of what makes up life in this modern century, in which the future appears unpredictable for anyone. By reading every detail about this particular Saturday in the life of Perowne, readers begin to appreciate elements of life that may go unnoticed, the aspects that make each day unique. Perowne ends up interacting with all his family members on his one day off from work. His day is filled with thoughtful reflections and evaluations of the fine points of human behaviour in the modern life. McEwans portrayal of Perowne and his thoughts and actions are what drives this novel from beginning to end. Perowne is a model of a comfortable, contemporary man who lives in a present-day age of uncertainty. All he longs for are possession, belonging, and repition (McEwan 40). However, this un certainty of the future causes even content men such as Perowne to be thrown off into a world of chaotic events and brings out their strengths and weaknesses. The entire novel takes place in London on February 15, 2003. As Perowne, a man in his late forties, gets out of his bed at four oclock in the morning to look out his window, readers begin to sense some foreshadowing of the uncertainty that is waiting ahead of him. He watches a plane on fire fly over London during a post-9/11 time when words like catastrophe and mass fatalities, chemical and biological warfare and major attack have recently become bland through repetition (McEwan 12). But Perowne is not fully shaken by the event he witnesses. He comprehends that this obligation to the news adds to the unease of people in the contemporary world: Its a condition of the times, this compulsion to hear how it stands with the world, and be joined to the generality, to a community of anxiety. The habits grown stronger these past two years; a different scale of news value has been set by monstrous and spectacular scenes. The possibility of their recurrence is one thread that binds the days. The governments counsel that an attack in a European or American city is an inevitability isnt only a disclaimer of responsibility, its a heady promise. Everyone fears it, but theres also a darker longing in the collective mind, a sickening for self-punishment and a blasphemous curiosity. Just as the hospitals have their crisis plans, so the television networks stand ready to deliver, and their audiences wait. Bigger, grosser next time. Please dont let it happen. But let me see it all the same, as its happening and from every angle, and let me be among the first to know. (McEwan 176) However this 21st-century apprehension of a catastrophe about to happen fails to let people see the casual details that affect lives at a deeper and personal level. Perowne is surrounded by people that need his help. His mother is a dementia patient who cannot identify any of her friends or family. His patients at work come to him to rescue them from a sickness or mishap that they couldnt evade or control.He is determined to use science and his skills to better others lives, as well as his own since God chooses to afflict people with these tragedies. He never held a belief in destiny or providence, or in creationism. In its place, he believes that at every instant, a trillion possible futures are possible. To him, the unpredictability of possibility is more real than a God who is in control of the universe and everyones life outcomes. Perowne is introduced in the novel as a man who is happy and satisfied with his life. He lives in an enormous house in London, and leads a prosperous, upper-middle class life. He is content with his work as a respected neurosurgeon, his family of four, and particularly his successful wife: What a stroke of luck, that the woman he loves is also his wife (McEwan 38-9). Readers are then introduced to Perownes unease as a man. He observes the adventures that his married friends have with younger women and begins to think he may be lacking an element of the masculine life force, and a bold and healthy appetite for experience (McEwan 40). Perowne is very self-aware and is a habitual observer of his own moods (McEwan 5). He is a dreamer sometimes and lets a shadowy mental narrativebreak in, urgent and unbidden, even during a consultation (McEwan 20). He mocks at known postmodern suspicions: If the present dispensation is wiped out now, the future will look back on us as gods, certainly in this city, lucky gods blessed by supermarket cornucopias, torrents of accessible information, warm clothes that weigh nothing, extended lifespans, wondrous machines (McEwan 77). Perowne is so aware of the present that he even continues his amusing evaluation of contemporary life in the shower. The more time the reader spends with Perowne, the more one can see a man who is dedicated to doing the correct thing instead of doing the practical thing. McEwan portrays Perowne as a man who in some ways has got it all: happiness and success. However, in the end Perowne sees something in Baxters character that he himself has not got. He realizes through encountering the random yet chaotic events with Baxter that there has to be more to life than merely saving lives (McEwan 28). Baxter is gifted in something that Perowne is not-appreciating the meaning of poetry. It may have been love that changed and touched Baxter, not the scientific activity occurring in his brain. Perownes frame of mind changes throughout the course of the novel, and therefore throughout his Saturday. He goes from being cheerful to cross to optimistic. Schrodingers cat could either be alive or dead in a box, the war could either happen or not happened. Whatever the case may be, the world continues to go on anyway. As this particular Saturday in the life of Perowne unfolds itself, he demonstrates to readers that uncertainty of the future will always exist. It is something that cannot be predicted but can only be responded to.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

When Filing for Bankruptcy in Canada :: essays research papers

This received a 27/28 in my OAC law class so, have a blast..... WHEN FILING FOR BANKRUPTCY IN CANADA The law sometimes seems to pervade all aspects of our lives and an involvement with bankruptcy and insolvency law has proved to be almost unavoidable for business people in Canada during the 1990's. In simplest term, corporate and individual bankruptcy law provides a set of rules to prevent chaos among the creditors of an insolvent corporation or individual. The legislation is a complex in part because those creditors fall into so many categories-secured creditors, unsecured creditors, government creditors, and so on-each with its own special rights and interests in the bankruptcy process. Canada's federal bankruptcy statute, the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, also deals with corporate receivership. A receivership is not the same as a bankruptcy. By the same token, a receiver is not the same as a trustee in a bankruptcy. However, the two systems have a lot in common and a receivership of an individual or a corporation usually occurs at the same time as a bankruptcy. Corporations that have become insolvent can try to avoid bankruptcy and receivership by reorganizing their finances. The Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act deals with reorganizations and another federal statute, the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act, may offer relief to some corporations. Some of Canada's biggest news stories of the past few years have concerned the attempts of major Canadian companies such as Olympia & York, Algoma Steel, Grafton Fraser, Woodwards, Westar Mining, and Birks, to complete reorganizations. But the most well known companies were both Air Canada and Canadian Airlines. Air Canada, Canadian Airlines, and United Airlines are all commercial passenger air carriers. Beyond that, they have only a few similarities. All are old commercial carriers that were facing bankruptcy together until the Canadian Postal Service approved air travel for Canadian Mail in 1925. There, they reached a point of divergence that continues today. AIR CANADA Time Magazine's November 17, 1958 cover sported a diagonal banner across one corner reading "Jets Across Canada." (Goutierez, 1997). At the time of the article's publication, "Air Canada had earned a reputation as an industry leader, and this, coupled with the high-profile leadership of 'Mr. C.R.,' made Air Canada's imminent transcontinental jet service the catalyst for an exciting new era. Time wrote that although Pan Am had already flown jets across the Atlantic, C.R. Smith and Air Canada would usher in the 'Jet Age' for most Canadians with the introduction of

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Acid Rain Case Study

Acid Rain: The Southern Company (A) Problem Statement In 1992, executives at the Southern Company have three years to formulate a robust and complex strategy that will involve massive capital outlay and substantial modifications to processes and procedures as it works to comply with provisions enacted in 1990 to the amendments of the Clean Air Act, while simultaneously ensuring they remain sustainable and profitable. Analysis The Southern Company is an American based electric utilities company in Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and Mississippi.It is the fourth largest in the U. S. The case surrounds the challenges the company’s Bowen plant in Georgia faces as it attempts to conform to the new 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. The Bowen plant is a coal fired plant capable of producing enough power to serve residential, commercial, and industrial demands of over one million people. The Clean Air Act recognizes sulfur as a contributor to the acid rain problem and enacted a goal to reduce total national sulfur dioxide emissions to half of 1990 levels.The Act describes the cap and trade approach whereby companies are permitted to pollute a certain amount of sulfur dioxide compared to levels of electricity output they produce. Rainwater is naturally acidic with a pH of around 5. 7. Acid rain can be defined by anthropogenic acidification caused by nitrogen compounds and sulfur dioxide, formed as particulate matter released in man-made products such as smoke stack emissions and automobiles. Environmentalists have grown more concerned about the effects of acid rain which contains lower than normal pH levels in water.The effects of the lowered pH as surface water streams into rivers and threatens aquatic species, disappearance of sensitive coral reefs, disrupts microorganisms and natural acid buffers in soil, weakens tree roots, causes leaf loss, and corrodes limestone and buildings. The case serves to examine the methods and alternatives for which sulfur dioxide is utili zed, and the relation with its pollution within coal-fired energy plants. Through new provisions passed in the Clean Air Act of 1990, the Southern Company’s Bowen plant in Georgia will require strategic action in order to comply with the new law.They must reduce their sulfur dioxide emissions from 262,800 tons per year to 254,580 per year, as well as steeper reductions in subsequent years. If it does not, it will be allowed to buy allowances from other plants or companies to meet the legislative requirements. Conversely, the Bowen plant can work to significantly lower sulfur dioxide emissions and sell their excess pollution allowances to other plants or companies. To this end, the case discusses three options the Bowen plant is investigating in order to comply with the new Clean Air provisions, which are: 1.Option 1: Burn high-sulfur coal without scrubbers and purchase allowances 2. Option 2: Burn high-sulfur coal with scrubbers and sell allowances 3. Option 3: Burn low-sulfu r coal and have potential to sell allowances The Southern Company must consider certain ambiguities as they evaluate their options. First, the pricing of pollution allowances are established estimates and could vary depending on projected levels and future government protocol.Second, if the Bowen plant selects the option that would produce the greatest amount of pollution, it would counter the intent of the Clean Air Act and therefore, even if the option chosen is most advantageous from a profitability standpoint, the company should consider a balance of profitability and adherence to the progression of global conservation. The Southern Company has certain advantages in working toward a solution to bring their plants up to code and in line with new regulations. They have four plants in the southeast, representing a strong energy producing market share in the region.Each plant is in a different stage of code adherence, so the company has flexibility as it considers its options for th e Bowen plant. As a standard, the coal plants have low variable costs, and operate continuously with reliability. The Bowen facility offers affordable electricity, serving residential, commercial, and industrial segments. Some of the company’s weaknesses is they manage a large scale operation and a single strategic business decision may have downstream effects on other plants.In addition, they have dependencies on their external coal suppliers, the fact that their current operations and capital equipment only support emissions of sulfur dioxide requiring government regulation. As Coase indicates, â€Å"when property rights are not defined and enforced, or when transaction costs are high, the contentious parties can call on government to deal with the issue† (Myer), which is exactly what has occurred. Coase reminds us that external effects are reciprocal. There would be no acid rain harm if it were not for economic pursuit that values environmental use.In contrast, ther e would be no discharge of waste were it not for economic activity that values environmental use. Therefore, the focus of the acid rain dilemma is on the producers and users of electricity and the owners of coal companies and their employees, not the owners of the buildings, property tax collectors, environmentalists, or other interest groups wanting to place restrictions on environmental users. Recommendation: The recommendation for this case is largely represented in the Excel spreadsheet that accompanies this paper.Specifically, the lines 2 through 12 on the spreadsheet cite the assumptions that are common among all three options. Option 1: Burn High-Sulfur Coal without Scrubbers: Purchase Allowances Without utilizing the scrubbers, 266,550 tons of sulfur dioxide will emit into the atmosphere. It is impossible to meet input requirements of 8,338 tons of coal and still emit low enough levels to meet the Clean Air Act standards. Bowen’s coal varies widely both in delivered p rices per ton and in heat content per pound; therefore prices are expressed in dollars per ton.From 1992-1995, high sulfur Kentucky coal burned at $41. 46 per ton. From 1995-2016, the price was expected to fall to $39. 82 per ton. They would have to purchase pollution allowances in addition to paying the operating costs for this option. Summary of Assumptions| Description of Value | Cost per Ton – High Sulfur Coal (bottom of pg. 3)| 1992-1995 cost per ton is $41. 46; 1996-2016, price drops to $29. 82| Cost per Ton – Low Sulfur Coal (pg. 5)| For option 3: Starting in 1996, cost for low sulfur is $30. 37 per ton. | Estimated Price of Allowances (pg. )| 1995 allowance is $250; and increase 10% in 1996 on through 2016| Tons of High Sulfur Coal per Year (pg. 4-top)| Annual hi-sulfur coal needed to sustain operations (reference cell C8) 8. 338M tons| Tons of Low Sulfur Coal per Year (pg. 5)| Annual low-sulfur coal needed to sustain operations (reference cell C9) 8. 391M tons | Sulfur Dioxide allowances received /yr. (pg. 2)| 254,580 tons of sulfur dioxide in 1995-1999; and 122,198 in years 2000-2016| Revenue from electricity sales (pg. 4, option 2)| Reference value for option 2 that contributes to loss of 2% revenue (see option 2, line 41). 1551000000 kw*0. 056) = 1206856000| OPTION 1: HIGH-SULFUR COAL WITHOUT SCRUBBERS| Description of Value| Sulfur Dioxide Emitted (pg. 4)| Bowen plant burns 1. 6% sulfur by weight, burning 8. 338M tons, generating 266,550 tons of sulfur dioxide emissions. All years included| Allowances Bought (pg. 2)| Option 1 would require Bowen to buy allowances. Figure is 266,550 tons of sulfur dioxide generated minus the 254,580 allowances afforded, starting in 1995 – 2016| Allowance Cost (pg. 3)| Price of allowances bought times the price, starting in 1995 – 2016 | Fuel Cost| N/A|Additional Operating Cost| N/A| Lost Revenue| N/A| Pre-tax Total| Adds allowance, fuel, additional operating, and lost revenue costs (lines 19 through 22)| After-tax Cost| Adds 37. 7% tax rate starting in 1995 through 2016| Capital Cost| N/A| Depreciation| N/A| Total| After tax cost + capital cost – depreciation (if applicable)| PV| Present value year over year| NPV = | 266. 38 Millions| Option 2: Burn High-Sulfur Coal with Scrubbers and sell allowances Wet limestone flue gas desulfurization (FGD) equipment, commonly referred to s scrubbers, are as large as generators and expensive to install. The gas with 90% of the sulfur dioxide removed would then be vented to the air. Bowen could install the scrubbers during Phase 1 period, and allow them to sell allowances to other utility plants. During Phase 2, Bowen will have to meet the new requirements and would delay capital outplays of installing the scrubbers by five years, however, in Phase 1 period they would have to buy allowances or burn lower-sulfur coal. OPTION 2: HIGH-SULFUR COAL WITH SCRUBBERS| Description of Value| Sulfur Dioxide Emitted| Bowen plant burns 1 . % sulfur by weight, burning 8. 338M tons, generating 266,550 tons of sulfur dioxide emissions before scrubbers installed. Thereafter, beginning in 1995, emissions drop to 26,655| Allowances Bought| Option 2 would require Bowen to buy allowances. Figure is 26,650 tons of sulfur dioxide generated minus the 254,580 allowances afforded, starting in 1995 – 2016, hence allowance cost is much less than option 1, due to less emissions generated| Allowance Cost| Price of allowances bought times the price, starting in 1995 – 2016 | Fuel Cost| N/A|Additional Operating Cost (pg. 7)| Scrubbers add 0. 13 per kwh to operating costs for purchase of limestone and disposal of sludge| Lost Revenue| Additional energy consumption costs impact revenue by 2%| Pre-tax Total| Adds allowance, fuel, additional operating, and lost revenue costs (lines 36 through 39)| After-tax Cost| Adds 37. 7% tax rate starting in 1995 through 2016| Capital Cost| $143. 85M in year 0, $503. 61M in year 1, $71. 97M in year 2| Capitalized Value| $143. 85M in year 0, $503. 61M in year 1, $71. 7M in year 2 = added| Depreciation| Capitalized value * 14% depreciation (1995 – 1999); 2% depreciation (2000-2016)| Tax Benefit from Depreciation| Straight line depreciation | Total| After tax cost + capital cost + tax benefit from depreciation | PV| Present value year over year| NPV = | 309. 90 Millions| Option 3: Burn Low-Sulfur Coal. Compared with the coal burned at Bowen that contained an average weight of 1. 6% sulfur, the low-sulfur coal contains only 1% by weight, but its cost is greater than the expected 1996 cost of high-sulfur coal. There is a capital expenditure of $22. million to change the electrostatic precipitation used to control airborne particulate matter. Prices will rise after the year 2000 because in Phase 2 its price was expected to rise as the tighter control drove up demand. It will take more low-sulfur coal per year to generate electricity versus high-sulfur coal. The lo w-sulfur coal would still emit 167,650 tons of sulfur dioxide per year which is less than half the 266,550 tons of high-sulfur coal. The problem with low-sulfur coal is that it is rare and expensive to mine. OPTION 3: LOW-SULFUR COAL WITHOUT SCRUBBERS| Description of Value| Sulfur Dioxide Emitted| Bowen plant burns 1. % sulfur by weight, burning 8. 338M tons, generating 266,550 tons of sulfur dioxide emissions before scrubbers installed. Thereafter, beginning in 1995, emissions drop to 26,655| Allowances Bought| Option 3 would require Bowen to buy allowances. Figure is 26,650 tons of sulfur dioxide generated minus the 254,580 allowances afforded, starting in 1995 – 2016, hence allowance cost is much less than option 1, due to less emissions generated| Allowance Cost| Price of allowances bought times the price, starting in 1995 – 2016 | Fuel Cost| Additional low-sulfur fuel cost begin in 1996 – 2000 ($30. 7 per ton), and new rate from 2000 – 2016 ($34. 92 per ton)| Additional Operating Cost| N/A| Lost Revenue| N/A| Pre-tax Total| Adds allowance, fuel, additional operating, and lost revenue costs (lines 55 through 58)| After-tax Cost| Adds 37. 7% tax rate starting in 1995 through 2016| Capital Cost| $22. 1M one-time purchase for electrostatic precipitators | Depreciation| Straight-line depreciation beginning in 1997 of 14%| Tax Benefit from Depreciation| Capitalized value * 14% depreciation (1997 – 2000)| Total| Straight line depreciation |PV| Present value year over year | NPV = | 176. 98 Millions| From the suggested assumptions presented above, and the detail from the discounted cash flow Excel spreadsheet, a recommendation is evident to suggest the best option for the Southern Company to adopt, which is option 2 that yields the highest net present value. Continuing the processes of burning high emitting sulfur dioxide coal, with the investment of scrubbers is the most cost effective solution given the company’s conclu sion to retire the plant in 2016.The company must now decide whether to install pollution control equipment and generate excess permits for sale to other companies, or to emit larger quantities of sulfur dioxide, save capital costs, and purchase pollution permits. Considering the discounted cash flow analysis of a make versus buy decision, the company should also consider issues of expected cost minimization, questions of economic and political uncertainty, and the value of flexibility. The analysis depends on assumptions of the behavior of emissions permit prices over time, which a discussion of externalities (acid rain) links to the company’s cost of capital.Various factors complicate the decisions, including real options characteristics, emissions market evolution, substitute investment prices, and public policy. The company should develop a comprehensive risk assessment process that includes all the areas of significant risks to the Company, including potential price impa cts on customers, reliability risk, regulatory risk, impacts on customer behavior, reputational risk, etc. These integrated processes consider multiple environmental considerations and requirements rather than solely on the greenhouse gas regulations.Even though the Southern Company does not have a greenhouse gas emissions reduction target, they should be committed to improving their environmental performance and the communities it serves by being a good environmental steward and working to conserve valuable natural resources. Further, Southern Company employees, customers, and the public, and the protection of the natural environment should be among the Company's highest priorities. The Southern Company is going to face major challenges throughout their daily operations as they implement option 2.The first challenge will be their ability to conduct traditional electricity business operations effectively while transforming the Bowen plant. The new regulations, changes in the energy environment, and transmitting electricity securely are all reasons that could affect their earnings. The Southern Company must work toward balancing the required costs and capital expenditures with their customer’s prices during the renovation period, with ability to sustain future profit margins.To begin the process of exercising Option 2 will require a firm commitment to install scrubbers and that plan needs to begin now with the creation of Requests for Proposals (RFP’s). Company executives have estimates of how long will it take to implement the scrubbers but do not address if they will require additional manpower to handle the maintenance for the scrubbers. The company should be prepared to add new labor which will stimulate additional jobs which will make for a positive public relations story.Option 2 will also place the company in a position light with the ability to sell allowances versus worrying about buying allowances. As society progresses, so too is the se nsitivity to pollution and operating a plant that exceeds the Clean Air Act requirements will position the company more favorably in the industry. The need to cut emissions to conform to Clean Air Act requirements and the anticipated high costs to conform will likely result in an emerging market for emissions trading. To this end, trade allowance prices are likely to increase, thereby potentially generating additional revenues for the company.The company should consider capitalizing on partnerships with environmentalists or green conscious companies by creating a marketing campaign that promotes the purchase of pollution credits so they are not sold to other polluters. Such a campaign could allow people and companies to buy pollution credits to support their social causes, such as students and schools and universities, as well as individuals buying credits for birthday, wedding, or retirement gifts. Because of the Clean Air Act provisions, coal-firing generating facilities must redu ce their greenhouse gas pollution before 2016; it is probable that he company should consider that coal-firing plant operations will not be profitable in the future. Therefore, in addition to implementing option 2 to conform to reduced emission coal fired electricity production, the company needs to consider exploration of other emerging markets for producing energy such as oil, nuclear power, natural gas, and renewables. The strategy process should anticipate cost, emissions, and performance characteristics of each of these options, as appropriate, for individual units.Further, the company should develop environmental strategy schedules that include long term emission control plans. Another avenue the Southern Company should be aware of is its ability to create mergers with other power-generating companies. It is likely in subsequent years, with regulation, alternative fuel sources, and technology advancement changing industry dynamics, power generating companies may see this speci al characteristic of mergers and acquisitions, which can significantly reduce costs while increasing generating capacity and market share.In closing, all three options are going to cause a certain amount of operating energy, management headache, and expense. It is option 2 that appears to be the least painful in that it forces the Southern Company to elevate their Bowen plant with the newest technology with the installation of scrubber systems, while also stimulating labor growth. It also allows the greatest ability to produce excess allowances (except for option 3) that can be sold for revenue.Option 3 is too unstable with the company having to terminate contracts with coal suppliers and convert to a low-sulfur coal product which is scarce and more costly. When the Bowen plant retires its operations in 2016, the company should have mostly converted from coal to newer energy sources, and can liquidate the remaining assets for a higher value versus not making equipment conversions wi th options 1 and 3.Finally, option 2 can be viewed positively by environmentalists, shareholders, and employees by signifying a committed investment in the Bowen plant. References: Reinhardt, F. , (1992). Acid Rain: The Southern Company (A). HBS No. 9-792-060. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing Meyer, R. , and Yandle, B. , (1987) The Political Economy of Acid Rain Cato Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2. The Cato Institute

Friday, November 8, 2019

Famous Flash Fiction

Famous Flash Fiction Over the past few decades, flash fiction, micro-fiction, and other super-short short stories have grown in popularity. Entire journals such as Nano Fiction and Flash Fiction Online are devoted to flash fiction and related forms of writing, while contests administrated by Gulf Coast, Salt Publishing, and The Kenyon Review cater to flash fiction authors. But flash fiction also has a long and respectable history. Even before the term â€Å"flash fiction† came into common usage in the late 20th century, major writers in France, America, and Japan were experimenting with prose forms that put special emphasis on brevity and concision.   Charles Baudelaire (French, 1821-1869) In the 19th century, Baudelaire pioneered a new type of short-form writing called â€Å"prose poetry.† Prose poetry was Baudelaire’s method for capturing the nuances of psychology and experience in short bursts of description. As Baudelaire puts it in the introduction to his famous collection of prose poetry, Paris Spleen (1869): â€Å"Who has not, in bouts of ambition, dreamt this miracle, a poetic prose, musical without rhythm or rhyme, supple and choppy enough to accommodate the lyrical movement of the soul, the undulations of reverie, the bump and lurch of consciousness?† The prose poem became a favorite form of French experimental writers, such as Arthur Rimbaud and Francis Ponge. But Baudelaire’s emphasis on turns of thought and twists of observation also paved the way for the â€Å"slice of life† flash fiction that can be found in many present-day magazines. Ernest Hemingway (American, 1899-1961) Hemingway is well-known for novels of heroism and adventure such as For Whom the Bell Tolls and The Old Man and the Sea- but also for his radical experiments in super-short fiction. One of the most famous works attributed to Hemingway is a six-word short story: â€Å"For sale: baby shoes, never worn.† Hemingway’s authorship of this miniature story has been called into question, but he did create several other works of extremely short fiction, such as the sketches that appear throughout his short story collection In Our Time. And Hemingway also offered a defense of radically concise fiction: â€Å"If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.† Yasunari Kawabata (Japanese, 1899-1972) As an author steeped in the economical yet expressive art and literature of his native Japan, Kawabata was interested in creating small texts that are great in expression and suggestion. Among Kawabata’s greatest accomplishments are the â€Å"palm-of-the-hand† stories, fictional episodes and incidents that last two or three pages at most. Topic-wise, the range of these miniature stories is remarkable, covering everything from intricate romances (â€Å"Canaries†) to morbid fantasies (â€Å"Love Suicides†) to childhood visions of adventure and escape (â€Å"Up in the Tree†). And Kawabata didn’t hesitate to apply the principles behind his â€Å"palm-of-the-hand† stories to his longer writings. Near the end of his life, he crafted a revised and much-shortened version of one of his celebrated novels, Snow Country. Donald Barthelme (American, 1931-1989) Barthelme is one of the American writers most responsible for the state of contemporary flash fiction. For Barthelme, fiction was a means of igniting debate and speculation: â€Å"I believe that my every sentence trembles with morality in that each attempts to engage the problematic rather than to present a proposition to which all reasonable men must agree.† Although these standards for indeterminate, thought-provoking short fiction have guided short fiction in the late 20th and early 21st century, Barthelme’s exact style is difficult to imitate with success. In stories such as â€Å"The Balloon†, Barthelme offered meditations on strange events- and little in the way of traditional plot, conflict, and resolution. Lydia Davis (American, 1947-present) A recipient of the prestigious MacArthur Fellowship, Davis has won recognition both for her translations of classic French authors and for her many works of flash fiction. In stories such as â€Å"A Man from Her Past†, â€Å"Enlightened†, and â€Å"Story†, Davis portrays states of anxiety and disturbance. She shares this special interest in uneasy characters with some of the novelists she has translated- such as Gustave Flaubert and Marcel Proust. Like Flaubert and Proust, Davis has been hailed for her breadth of vision and for her ability to pack a wealth of meaning into carefully-chosen observations. According to literary critic James Wood, â€Å"one can read a large portion of Davis’s work, and a grand cumulative achievement comes into view- a body of work probably unique in American writing, in its combination of lucidity, aphoristic brevity, formal originality, sly comedy, metaphysical bleakness, philosophical pressure, and human wisdom.†